Oral toxicity of chitin synthesis inhibitors (CSIs) and plant extracts to rubber termite, Coptotermes curvignathus Holmgren (Rhinotermitidae: Isoptera)
Keywords:
plant oils, plant crude extracts, Coptotermes curvignathus, oral LC50, baitsAbstract
Coptotermes curvignathus (Holmgren) causes serious damage to live rubber trees in Thailand. Chemicals have been commonly used to control this termite. The control of this subterranean termite by soil treatments remains problematic, so the oral toxicities in a bait formulation of chitin synthesis inhibitors (CSIs), plant oils and crude extracts were evaluated to find environmentally friendly and safe products for the control. Baits made of cardboard mixed with various concentrations of the tested solutions of CSIs, plant oils, and crude extracts were ingested by worker termites. Ten worker termites were used for each concentration with five replications. Mortality was recorded and LC50 was estimated by probit analysis at 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 h after treatment. Lufenuron was the most toxic to C. curvignathus with the lowest oral LC50 of 323.7 ppm at 120 h. The oral LC50 values of flufenoxuron, buprofezin, chlorfluazuron and novaluron were 505.6, 830.6, 1054.3 and 2 939.8 ppm, respectively. Oils from long pepper (Piper retrofractum Vahl), black pepper (Piper nigrum L.), and thiam [Azadirachta excelsa (Jack) Jacobs] were highly toxic to C. curvignathus, reaching 100% mortality after exposure for 120 h at the concentrations of 2 000, 2 500 and 3 000 ppm, respectively. Plant oils exhibited greater toxicity than plant crude extracts. Oral LC50 values of the plant oils were 4 382.6, 7 507.6 and 5 618.3, ppm, while those of plant crude extracts were 12 032.4, 12 630.6 and 23 860.6 ppm, in the same order. In conclusion, the long pepper oil and lufenuron have potential for the control of this termite species, to reduce or replace synthetic chemicals in future soil treatments. However, field trials should be done to confirm the efficacy of the product in fully realistic conditions.
References
Abdullah, A., Subramanian, P., Ibrahim, H., Malek, S. N. A., Lee, G. S. & Hong, S. L. (2015). Chemical composition, antifeedant, repellent, and toxicity activities of the rhizomes of galangal, Alpinia galanga against Asian subterranean termites, Coptotermes gestroi and Coptotermes curvignathus (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). Journal of Insect Science, 15(1), 1-7.
Cabrera, R.R., Lelis, A.T. & Berti-Filho, E. (2001). Effects of extracts of woods Tabebuia sp. (bignoniaceae) and Mezilaurus sp. (Lauraceae) on the dry-wood termite, Cryptotermes brevis (Isoptera: Kalotermitidae). Arquivos-do-Instituto-Biologico-Sao-Paulo, 68(1),103-106.
Cabrera, R.R., Lelis, A.T. & Berti-Filho, E. (2001). Effects of extracts of woods Tabebuia sp. (bignoniaceae) and Mezilaurus sp. (Lauraceae) on the dry-wood termite, Cryptotermes brevis (Isoptera: Kalotermitidae). Arquivos-do-Instituto-Biologico-Sao-Paulo, 68(1),103-106.
Chen, F., Zhu, B. R. C., Henderson, G., Fei, H., Laine, R. & Wang, X. (2002). Termiticidal activity of essential oils against the formosan subterranean termite. Abstracts of Papers, 224th ACS National Meeting, Boston, MA, United States, August 18–22, 2002.
Chieng, T. Z. & Assim, B. F. (2008). Toxicity and antifeedant activities of the essential oils from Piper sarmentosum. The Malaysian Journal of Analytical Sciences, 12(1), 234-239.
Chouvenc, T. (2018). Comparative impact of chitin synthesis inhibitor baits and non-repellent liquid termiticides on subterranean termite colonies over foraging distances: colony elimination versus localized termite exclusion. Journal of Economic Entomology, 111(5), 2317-2328.
Ding, W. & Xing, P.H. (2010). Antitermitic effect of the Lantana camara plant on subterranean termites (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). Insect Science, 17(5), 427–433.
Doolittle, M., Raina, A., Lax, A. & Boopathy, R. (2007). Effect of natural products on gut microbes in Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus. International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, 59(1), 69–71.
El-Wakeil, N. (2013). Botanical pesticides and their mode of action. Gesunde Pflanzen, 65(4),125-149.
Evans, T.A. (2010). Rapid elimination of field colonies of subterranean termites (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) using bistrifluron solid bait pellets. Journal of Economic Entomology, 103(2), 423-432.
Gautam, B. K. & Henderson, G. (2014). Comparative evaluation of three chitin synthesis inhibitor termite baits using multiple bioassay designs. Sociobiology, 61(1), 82-87.
Iqbal, N. & Evans, T.A. (2018). Evaluation of fipronil and imidacloprid as bait active ingredients against fungus-growing termites (Blattodea: Termitidae: Macrotermitinae). Bulletin of Entomological Research, 108, 14-22. doi:10.1017/S000748531700044Xpmid:28464973.
Kard, B. (1999). Mesh may fit in as a termite barrier. Pest Control, 67(1), 50-53.
Kirton, L.G. & Wong, A.H.H. (2001). The economic importance and control of termite infestations in relation to plantation forestry and wood preservation in Peninsular Malaysia - An overview. Sociobiology, 37(2), 325-350.
Lenz, M., Watson, J.A.L., Barrett, R.A. & Runko, S. (1990). The effectiveness of insecticidal soil barriers against subterranean termites in Australia. Sociobiology, 17(1), 9-35.
Lewis, J. L. & Forschler, B.T. (2010). Impact of five commercial baits containing chitin synthesis inhibitors on the protist community in Reticulitermes flavipes (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). Environmental Entomology, 39(1), 98-104.
Lim, K. & Bit, S. (2001). Termite infestation on oil palms planted on deep peat in Sarawak: Trade winds experience. Cutting-edge technologies for sustained competitiveness: Proceedings of the 2001 PIPOC International Palm Oil Congress, Agriculture Conference, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 20-22 August 2001, 355-368; 11 ref.
Mariau, D., Renoux, J. & Chenon, R.D. (1992). Coptotermes curvignathus Holmgren Rhinotermitidae, the main pest of coconut planted on peat in Sumatra. Oleagineux (Paris), 47(1), 561-568.
Moein, S. I. & Farrag, R. M. (2000). Susceptibility of the dry-wood termite Cryptotermes brevis Walker to the black pepper extracts. Egyptian Journal of Agricultural Research, 78(3), 1135-1140.
Nisar, M.S., Ahmed, S., Rashid, A. & Ahmed, M.M. (2012). Toxicity of Piper nigrum L. seed extracts and effect on tunnel formation in termites. Pakistan Entomology, 34(1), 55-58.
Ogunsina, O.O, Oladimeji, M.O. & Faboro, E.O. (2009). Mortality and anti-feedants evaluation of hexane and ethanol extracts of Lantana camara (Verbenaceae), African nutmeg (Monodoro myristica (Gaerth) Dunal) and Enuopiri (Euphorbia Laterifloria, Schum and Thonner) against subterranean termite workers (Macroterme michaelseni). Journal Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry, 91(5), 971-977.
Osipitan, A.A. & Oseyemi, A.E. (2012). Evaluation of the bio-insecticidal potential of some tropical plant extracts against termite (Termitidae: Isoptera) in Ogun State, Nigeria Journal of Entomology, 9(5), 257-265.
Owusu, E. O., Akutse, K.S. & Afreh-Nuamah, K. (2008). Effect of some traditional plant components on the control of termites, Macrotermes spp. (Isoptera: Termitidae). African Journal of Science and Technology (AJST), Science Engineering Series. 9(2), 82-89.
Roszaini, K., Nor, A. M., Mailina, J., Zaini, S. & Mohammad, F. Z. (2013). Toxicity and antitermite activity of the essential oils from Cinnamomum camphora, Cymbopogon nardus, Melaleuca cajuputi and Dipterocarpus sp. against Coptotermes curvignathus. Wood Science and Technology,47(6), 1273-1284.
Sajab, A.S., Amit, S. & Welker, J. (2000). Evaluation of hexaflumuron for controlling the subterranean termite Coptotermes curvignathus (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) in Malaysia. Journal of Economic Entomology, 93(2), 429-433.
Sajap, A.S. & Aloysius, F. (2000). Effects of leaf extracts of Azadirachta excelsa on Coptotermes curvignathus (Isoptera: Rhinotermidae). Sociobiology, 36(3), 497–503.
Serit, M., Ishida, M., Nakata, K., Kim, M. & Takahashi, S. (1992). Antifeedency potency of neem (Azadirachta indica) extractives and limonoids against termite (Reticulitermes speratus). Journal of Pesticide Science, 17(4), 267–273.
Smith, J.L. & Rust, M.K. (1993). Cellulose and clay in sand affects termiticide treatments. Journal of Economic Entomology, 86(1), 53-60.
Su , N.Y., Scheffrahn, R.H. & Ban, P.M. (1993). Barrier efficacy of pyrethroid and organophosphate formulations against subterranean termites (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 86(3), 772-776.
Su, N.Y. & Scheffrahn, R.H. (1990). Comparison of eleven soil termiticides against the Formosan subterranean termite and eastern subterranean termite (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 83(5), 1918-1924.
Su, N.Y. & Scheffrahn, R.H. (1996). Comparative effects of two chitin synthesis inhibitors, hexaflumuron and lufenuron, in a bait matrix against subterranean termites (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 89(5), 1156-1160.
Tellez, M., R. Estell, E. D. Fredrickson, J. Powell, D. Wedge, K. Schrader & Kobaisy, M. (2001). Extracts of Flourensia cernua (L.): volatile constituents and antifungal, antialgal and antitermite bioactivities. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 27(11), 2263–2273.
Thanee, N. (2014). Biodiversity of termites and their relationship to dry dipterocarp and dry evergreen ecosystems at Sakaerat Environmental Research Station, Nakhon Ratchasima province. Final research report. Suranaree University of Technology. Pp 40.
Thapa, R.S. & Shim, P.S. (1971). Termite damage in plantation hoop pine, Araucaria cunninghamii D. Don, in Sabah and its control. Malayan Forester, 34(1), 47-52.
Tho, Y.P. (1974). The termite problem in plantation forestry in peninsular Malaysia. Malaysian Forester, 37(4), 278 - 283.
Tho, Y.P. & Kirton, L.G. (1998). A survey of attack in bahau conifer, peninsular Malaysia. Journal of Tropical Forest Science, 10(4), 564-567.
Tho, Y.P. & Kirton, L.G. (1992). The economic significance of Coptotermes termites in Malaysian forestry. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Plant Protection in the Tropics (edited by Ooi, P. A. C.; Lim, G. S.; Teng, P. S.) Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Malaysian Plant Protection Society, No. 4:193-199.
Umeh, V.C. & Ivbijaro, M.F. (1999). Effects of termite damage to maize of seed extracts of Azadirachta indica and Piper guineense in farmers' fields. Journal of Agricultural Science, 133(4), 403–407.
Vahabzadeh1, R.D., Gold, R.E. & Austin, J.W. (2007). Effects of four chitin synthesis inhibitors on feeding and mortality of the Eastern subterranean termite, Reticulitermes flavipes Kollar (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). Sociobiology, 50(3), 1-27.
Wang, C., Henderson, G., Gautam, B.K. & Chen, X. (2014). Lethal and sublethal effects of lufenuron on the Formosan subterranean termite (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 107(4), 1573-1581.
Watson, J. A. L. & Gay, F. J. (1970). Isoptera (Termite). In The Insects of Australia. A Textbook for Students and Research Workers Volume II. Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 330-347.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2020 Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
