Bulgaria’s convergence in permanent crop value: Comparative study based on harvested areas

Abstract

Agricultural convergence within the European Union is a key issue in the context of structural disparities and Common Agricultural Policy reforms. Permanent crops are particularly relevant due to their capital intensity and long-term economic impact. The aim of this study is to assess Bulgaria’s convergence in the value of permanent crops per harvested area relative to selected EU countries, namely France, Greece, and Poland. The analysis is based on official data for the period 2007 – 2023 and applies a combined methodological approach integrating β- and σ-convergence with a composite convergence index. The results indicate limited and uneven convergence. Bulgaria shows moderate proximity to France and Poland, but persistently low convergence relative to Greece and the EU average. Four development stages are identified, with recent stagnation following a period of moderate improvement. Overall, structural inefficiencies, low productivity, and weak market integration constrain the sector’s convergence potential.